The visibility of road markings and traffic signs is a critical factor in road safety, directly affecting driver behavior and their ability to react in a timely manner to information provided by road infrastructure. Degraded markings, adverse weather conditions and insufficient lighting significantly reduce the detectability of these elements, creating risk situations. This paper presents a systematic literature review, conducted in accordance with the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) 2020 guidelines, synthesizing 112 studies on the influence of marking and sign visibility on driver reaction time. The reviewed evidence is organized into four thematic axes: driver perception and reaction time, the visibility and retroreflectivity of markings and signs, the effects of nighttime and adverse weather on human and sensor perception, and the propagation of visibility deficits into vehicle dynamics, accident risk, and ADAS (Advanced Driver Assistance Systems) reliability. The review identifies critical visibility thresholds below which accident risk increases significantly and highlights key methodological gaps in the existing literature, formulating recommendations on minimum maintenance standards for markings and signs, with direct relevance for the design of ADAS and road infrastructure management policies. Building on these findings, the review also proposes a dual-methodology experimental direction, combining video-based reaction-time testing and field-based sign detection-distance measurements, for future research.